The Anatomy of a Kalinga Temple: Bāḍa, Ganḍi, and Cuḷa
The architecture of a Kalinga temple is based on the human form, a symbolic representation of the divine in a physical body. The temple’s superstructure is traditionally divided into three distinct parts, each with its own specific form and ornamentation. This tripartite division creates a sense of harmony, balance, and vertical progression, drawing the eye upwards from the base to the heavens.
The Three-Part Superstructure
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Bāḍa (The Lower Limb): The Bāḍa constitutes the lower part of the temple, its “foot” and “leg.” It is the vertical section of the temple that extends from the plinth (piṭha) up to the beginning of the curvilinear tower. The Bāḍa is itself divided into several horizontal sections, or pāgas, which are decorated with a variety of sculptures and mouldings. This section of the temple grounds the structure and connects the earthly realm of the devotee to the divine realm of the sanctum. A common feature on the Bāḍa is the protective image of Gajalakshmi in a seated posture (lalitasana) over the main doorway, serving as the lalatabimba.
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Ganḍi (The Body): The Ganḍi is the main body of the temple, corresponding to the trunk of the human form. This is the soaring, curvilinear tower that rises above the Bāḍa and encloses the garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum). In a Rekha Deula, the Ganḍi is typically tall and curved, while in a Pidha Deula, it takes the form of a pyramidal roof made of receding platforms. The surface of the Ganḍi is often intricately decorated with a variety of motifs, including miniature shrines, chaitya arches, and other ornamental designs.
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Cuḷa or Mastaka (The Head): The Cuḷa or Mastaka is the “head” of the temple, the crowning element that sits atop the Ganḍi. This section consists of several distinct components, including:
- The Amalaka: A flattened, fluted, disc-shaped element that resembles a cogwheel. It is a defining feature of North Indian temple styles, including the Kalinga style.
- The Khapuri: A skull-shaped cap that sits on top of the Amalaka.
- The Kalasha: A pot-shaped finial that crowns the entire temple. It often has a banner or flag attached to it.
- The Ayudha: The weapon or emblem of the presiding deity, which is placed on top of the Kalasha.
This tripartite division of the Kalinga temple is a powerful and elegant system that creates a sense of unity, harmony, and spiritual ascent. It is a testament to the sophisticated architectural and philosophical principles that underpin this unique and enduring tradition.